Always difficult to gauge a member's mechanical skill level in these forums - so don't be offended -
Essentially thinking of three main possibilities here - thermostat not working for whatever reason, water pump not moving the coolant, or there is a blockage in the flow path - with high suspicions toward the radiator.
Are you sure you put the thermostat in the right way - typically with the spring side facing / going into the motor? It will not work correctly if installed backwards. If you put the thermostat in a pot of boiling water - does it open up?
The next suggestion is a bit messy - but may want to remove the thermostat housing and thermostat, leaving the rest of the system full, and start the engine very briefly to verify the water pump is moving water. It should flat move quite a bit, at least until it sucks the radiator dry. If you try this, you may wish to drain and to save the antifreeze, and refill with water for this part.
Have there been any bypass hoses removed, rerouted, or capped off? Not sure what your exact vehicle has - but these bypasses as well as the heater hoses are important for circulating the coolant inside the block and through the water pump while the thermostat is closed. Helps to maintain a more even temperature throughout the engine, as well as give the thermostat a more accurate temperature to work with.
Is there any reason to suspect the fan belt is installed incorrectly, turning the water pump the wrong way?
If all checks out so far, would look hard at a plugged radiator. It sounds like you have the system where the pressure cap is on the coolant reservoir, so this makes things a little more tricky. Suggest to drain the radiator and to remove the upper and lower hoses from the radiator. Then stuff a garden hose in the upper inlet on full blast and see how fast it comes out the lower side. If you can figure out a way to put more water in faster, using a bucket and a large mouth funnel or the like, then go for it. If the upper inlet reservoir side fills up and overflows, you definitely have some core blockage. The water should easily come out the lower end as fast as it goes in the upper.
Hang in there - all problems are solvable - it's just that they can be really frustrating until the solution is found.
Good luck, and keep us posted!